History of cricket
The game of cricket has a known history spanning
from the 16th century to the present day, with international matches played
since 1844, although the official history of international Test cricket began in 1877. During this time, the
game developed from its origins in England into a game which is now played
professionally in most of the Commonwealth of
Nations.
Early cricket
Origin
No one knows
when or where cricket began but there is a body of evidence, much of it
circumstantial, that strongly suggests the game was devised during Saxon or Norman times by children living in the Weald,
an area of dense woodlands and clearings in south-east England that lies across
Kent and Sussex. It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's
game for many generations before it was increasingly taken up by adults around
the beginning of the 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls,
assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to
stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on
sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a
matted lump of sheep’s wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the
ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree
stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket.
Derivation of the name of "cricket"
A number of
words are thought to be possible sources for the term "cricket". In
the earliest known reference to the sport in 1598 (see below), it is
called Cricket. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a
stick; or the Old English cricc
or cryce meaning a crutch or staff.[1] Another possible source is the Middle
Dutch word krickstoel, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in
church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket.
Another
possibility is that the name derives from the Middle Dutch met de (krik ket)sen (i.e.,
"with the stick chase"), which also suggests a Dutch connection in
the game's origin.[2] It is more likely that the terminology
of cricket was based on words in use in south east England at the time and,
given trade connections with the County of Flanders,
especially in the 15th century when it belonged to the Duchy of Burgundy, many Middle Dutch[3] words found their way into southern
English dialects.
First definite reference
John Derrick
was a pupil at The Royal Grammar School in Guildford when he and his friends
played Cricket circa 1550
Despite many
prior suggested references, the first definite mention of the game is found in
a 1598 court case concerning an ownership dispute over a plot of common land in
Guildford, Surrey. A 59-year old coroner, John Derrick, testified that he and his school
friends had played Cricket on the site fifty years earlier when they
attended the Free School.
Derrick's account proves beyond reasonable doubt that the game was being played
in Surrey circa 1550.There is insufficient evidence that a
"1533 poem, attributed to John Skelton" (who died in 1529) is the earliest
known reference to the sport. The Image of Ipocrisie mentions 'kings of
crekettes' and 'wickettes', but provenance is lacking for its authenticity and
dating.
The first
reference to cricket being played as an adult sport was in 1611, when two men
in Sussex were prosecuted for playing cricket on Sunday instead of going to
church. In the same year, a dictionary defined
cricket as a boys' game and this suggests that adult participation was a recent
development.
Early 17th century
A number of
references occur up to the English Civil War and these indicate that cricket
had become an adult game contested by parish teams, but there is no evidence of
county strength teams at this time. Equally, there is little evidence of the
rampant gambling that characterised the game throughout the 18th century. It is
generally believed, therefore, that village cricket had developed by the middle of
the 17th century but that county cricket had not and that investment in the
game had not begun.[8]
The Commonwealth
After the Civil
War ended in 1648, the new Puritan government clamped down on "unlawful
assemblies", in particular the more raucous sports such as football. Their
laws also demanded a stricter observance of the Sabbath than there had been
previously. As the Sabbath was the only free time available to the lower
classes, cricket's popularity may have waned during the Commonwealth.
Having said that, it did flourish in public fee-paying schools such as Winchester and St Paul's.
There is no actual evidence that Oliver Cromwell's regime banned cricket
specifically and there are references to it during the interregnum that suggest it was acceptable to the
authorities provided that it did not cause any "breach of the
Sabbath".[8] It is believed that the nobility in
general adopted cricket at this time through involvement in village games.[5]
Gambling and press coverage
Cricket
certainly thrived after the Restoration in
1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this
time. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664
which limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time. equivalent to about £13 thousand
in present day terms . Cricket had certainly become a
significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a newspaper
report of a "great match" played in Sussex in 1697 which was
11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a
side.
With freedom of the press
having been granted in 1696, cricket for the first time could be reported in
the newspapers. But it was a long time before the newspaper industry adapted
sufficiently to provide frequent, let alone comprehensive, coverage of the
game. During the first half of the 18th century, press reports tended to focus
on the betting rather than on the play.
18th-century cricket
Patronage and players
Gambling
introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen
their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county
teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially
as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from
village cricket as the earliest professionals.[5] The first known game in which the teams
use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of
fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably
Sussex versus another county.
The most
notable of the early patrons were a group of aristocrats and businessmen who
were active from about 1725, which is the time that press coverage became more
regular, perhaps as a result of the patrons' influence. These men included the 2nd
Duke of Richmond, Sir William Gage,
Alan
Brodrick and Edward Stead. For the
first time, the press mentions individual players like Thomas Waymark.
Cricket moves out of England
Cricket was
introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century,[4] probably before it had even reached the
north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe.
It was introduced to the West Indies by
colonists[4] and to India by British East India
Company mariners in the first half of the century. It arrived in
Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788. New Zealand and South
Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.[5]
Cricket never
caught on in Canada, despite efforts by an imperial-minded elite to promote the
game as a way of identifying with the British Empire. Canada, unlike Australia
and the West Indies, witnessed a continual decline in the popularity of the
game during 1860–1960. Linked to upper class British-Canadian elites, the game
never became popular with the general public. In the summer season it had to
compete with baseball. During the First World War, Canadian units stationed in
Britain played baseball, not cricket.[10][11]
Development of the Laws
The basic rules
of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out,
etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan
Brodick drew up Articles of
Agreement to determine the code of practice in a particular game and
this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and
distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling.[7]
In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time
and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and
maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that the principals shall
choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely
decide all disputes. The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star
and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in
1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic
revisions and recodifications subsequently.[12]
Continued growth in England
The game
continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue.[13] The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground
as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the
ball and study variations in line, length and pace.[8] Scorecards began to be kept on a
regular basis from 1772 and since then an increasingly clear picture has
emerged of the sport's development.[14]
An artwork
depicting the history of the cricket bat
The first
famous clubs were London and Dartford in
the early 18th century. London played its matches on the Artillery Ground, which still exists. Others followed,
particularly Slindon in
Sussex which was backed by the Duke of Richmond and featured the star player Richard Newland. There were other prominent clubs
at Maidenhead, Hornchurch, Maidstone, Sevenoaks, Bromley, Addington, Hadlow and Chertsey.
But far and
away the most famous of the early clubs was Hambledon in Hampshire. It started as a parish
organisation that first achieved prominence in 1756. The club itself was
founded in the 1760s and was well patronised to the extent that it was the
focal point of the game for about thirty years until the formation of MCC and the
opening of Lord's Cricket Ground
in 1787. Hambledon produced several outstanding players including the master
batsman John Small
and the first great fast bowler Thomas Brett. Their most notable opponent was the
Chertsey and Surrey bowler Edward
"Lumpy" Stevens, who is believed to have been the main
proponent of the flighted delivery.
It was in
answer to the flighted, or pitched, delivery that the straight bat was
introduced. The old "hockey stick" style of bat was only really
effective against the ball being trundled or skimmed along the ground.
Cricket and crisis
Cricket faced
its first real crisis during the 18th century when major matches virtually
ceased during the Seven Years' War.
This was largely due to shortage of players and lack of investment. But the
game survived and the "Hambledon Era" proper began in the mid-1760s.
Cricket faced
another major crisis at the beginning of the 19th century when a cessation of
major matches occurred during the culminating period of the Napoleonic Wars. Again, the causes were shortage
of players and lack of investment. But, as in the 1760s, the game survived and
a slow recovery began in 1815.
On 17 June
1815, on the eve of the Battle of Waterloo
British soldiers played a cricket match in the Bois de la Cambre park in Brussels. Ever
since the park area where that match took place has been called La Pelouse
des Anglais (the Englishmen's lawn).
MCC was itself
the centre of controversy in the Regency period, largely on account of the
enmity between Lord Frederick
Beauclerk and George Osbaldeston.
In 1817, their intrigues and jealousies exploded into a match-fixing scandal
with the top player William Lambert
being banned from playing at Lord's Cricket Ground
for life. Gambling scandals in cricket have been going on since the 17th
century.
In the 1820s,
cricket faced a major crisis of its own making as the campaign to allow roundarm bowling gathered pace.
19th-century cricket
View of Geneva's Plaine de Plainpalais with cricketers, 1817
The game also
underwent a fundamental change of organisation with the formation for the first
time of county clubs. All the modern county clubs, starting with Sussex in 1839, were founded during the 19th
century.
A cricket match
at Darnall, Sheffield in the 1820s.
No sooner had
the first county clubs established themselves than they faced what amounted to
"player action" as William Clarke
created the travelling All-England
Eleven in 1846. Though a commercial venture, this team did much to
popularise the game in districts which had never previously been visited by
high-class cricketers. Other similar teams were created and this vogue lasted
for about thirty years. But the counties and MCC prevailed.
The growth of
cricket in the mid and late 19th century was assisted by the development of the
railway network. For the first time, teams from a long distance apart could
play one other without a prohibitively time-consuming journey. Spectators could
travel longer distances to matches, increasing the size of crowds.
In 1864,
another bowling revolution resulted in the legalisation of overarm and in the same year Wisden Cricketers'
Almanack was first published.
The "Great
Cricketer", W G Grace, made his first-class
debut in 1865. His feats did much to increase the game's popularity and he
introduced technical innovations which revolutionised the game, particularly in
batting.
International cricket begins
The first ever
international cricket game was between the USA and Canada in
1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket
Club in New York.[15]
The English
team 1859 on their way to the USA
In 1859, a team
of leading English professionals set off to North America on the first-ever
overseas tour and, in 1862, the first English team toured Australia.
Between May and
October 1868, a team of Australian Aborigines
toured England in what was the first Australian cricket team to travel overseas.
The first
Australian touring team (1878) pictured at Niagara Falls
In 1877, an England
touring team in Australia
played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the
inaugural Test matches. The
following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and were a
spectacular success. No Tests were played on that tour but more soon followed
and, at The Oval in 1882, arguably the most famous match
of all time gave rise to The Ashes. South Africa
became the third Test nation in 1889.
National championships
A major
watershed occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship
was constituted in England. This organisational initiative has been repeated in
other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892–93. Other national
competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunkett
Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India.
The period from
1890 to the outbreak of the First World War has become an object of nostalgia,
ostensibly because the teams played cricket according to "the spirit of
the game", but more realistically because it was a peacetime period that
was shattered by the First World War. The era has been called The Golden Age of cricket
and it featured numerous great names such as Grace, Wilfred Rhodes, C B Fry, K S Ranjitsinhji and Victor Trumper.
Balls per over
In 1889 the
immemorial four ball over was replaced by a five ball over and then this was
changed to the current six balls an over in 1900. Subsequently, some countries
experimented with eight balls an over. In 1922, the number of balls per over
was changed from six to eight in Australia only. In 1924 the eight ball over
was extended to New Zealand and in 1937 to South Africa. In England, the eight
ball over was adopted experimentally for the 1939 season; the intention was to
continue the experiment in 1940, but first-class cricket was suspended for the
Second World War and when it resumed, English cricket reverted to the six ball
over. The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the
conditions of play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the
six ball over has been used worldwide and the most recent version of the Laws in
2000 only permits six ball overs.
20th-century cricket
Growth of Test cricket
Sid Barnes, traps Lala Amarnath lbw in the first official Test
between Australia and India at the MCG in 1948
When the Imperial Cricket
Conference (as it was originally called) was founded in 1909, only
England, Australia and South Africa were members. India, West Indies
and New Zealand
became Test nations before the Second World War and Pakistan
soon afterwards. The international game grew with several "affiliate
nations" getting involved and, in the closing years of the 20th century,
three of those became Test nations also: Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe
and Bangladesh.
Test cricket
remained the sport's highest level of standard throughout the 20th century but
it had its problems, notably in the infamous "Bodyline Series" of 1932–33 when Douglas Jardine's England used so-called
"leg theory" to try and neutralise the run-scoring brilliance of
Australia's Don Bradman.
Suspension of South Africa (1970–91)
The greatest
crisis to hit international cricket was brought about by apartheid, the South African policy of racial
segregation. The situation began to crystallise after 1961 when South Africa
left the Commonwealth of
Nations and so, under the rules of the day, its cricket board had to
leave the International
Cricket Conference (ICC). Cricket's opposition to apartheid
intensified in 1968 with the cancellation of England's tour to South Africa by
the South African authorities, due to the inclusion of "coloured"
cricketer Basil D'Oliveira
in the England team. In 1970, the ICC members voted to suspend South Africa
indefinitely from international cricket competition.
Starved of
top-level competition for its best players, the South African Cricket Board
began funding so-called "rebel tours", offering large sums of money
for international players to form teams and tour South Africa. The ICC's
response was to blacklist any rebel players who agreed to tour South Africa,
banning them from officially sanctioned international cricket. As players were
poorly remunerated during the 1970s, several accepted the offer to tour South
Africa, particularly players getting towards the end of their careers for which
a blacklisting would have little effect.
The rebel tours
continued into the 1980s but then progress was made in South African politics
and it became clear that apartheid was ending. South Africa, now a
"Rainbow Nation" under Nelson Mandela, was welcomed back into
international sport in 1991.
World Series Cricket
The money
problems of top cricketers were also the root cause of another cricketing
crisis that arose in 1977 when the Australian media magnate Kerry Packer fell out with the Australian Cricket
Board over TV rights. Taking advantage of the low remuneration paid to players,
Packer retaliated by signing several of the best players in the world to a
privately run cricket league outside the structure of international cricket.
World Series Cricket hired some of the banned South African players and allowed
them to show off their skills in an international arena against other world-class
players. The schism lasted only until 1979 and the "rebel" players
were allowed back into established international cricket, though many found
that their national teams had moved on without them. Long-term results of World
Series Cricket have included the introduction of significantly higher player
salaries and innovations such as coloured kit and night games.
Limited-overs cricket
In the 1960s,
English county teams began playing a version of cricket with games of only one
innings each and a maximum number of overs per innings. Starting in 1963 as a
knockout competition only, limited overs grew in popularity and, in 1969, a
national league was created which consequently caused a reduction in the number
of matches in the County Championship.
Although many
"traditional" cricket fans objected to the shorter form of the game,
limited-over cricket did have the advantage of delivering a result to
spectators within a single day; it did improve cricket's appeal to younger or
busier people; and it did prove commercially successful.
The first
limited-over international match took place at Melbourne Cricket
Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been
abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an
experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be
immensely popular. limited-over
internationals (LOIs or ODIs—one-day internationals) have since
grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy
people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket
Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all
the Test-playing nations taking part.
Analytic and graphic technology
Limited-overs
cricket increased television ratings for cricket coverage. Innovative
techniques introduced in coverage of limited-over matches were soon adopted for
Test coverage. The innovations included presentation of in-depth statistics and
graphical analysis, placing miniature cameras in the stumps, multiple usage of
cameras to provide shots from several locations around the ground, high-speed
photography and computer graphics technology enabling television viewers to
study the course of a delivery and help them understand an umpire's decision.
In 1992, the
use of a third umpire to
adjudicate run-out appeals with television replays was introduced in the Test
series between South Africa and India. The third umpire's duties have
subsequently expanded to include decisions on other aspects of play such as
stumpings, catches and boundaries. From 2011, the third umpire was being called
upon to moderate review of
umpires' decisions, including LBW, with the aid of virtual-reality
tracking technologies (e.g., Hawk-Eye and Hot Spot),
though such measures still could not free some disputed decisions from heated
controversy.[16]
21st-century cricket
In June 2001,
the ICC introduced a "Test Championship Table" and, in October 2002,
a "One-day International Championship Table". As indicated by ICC
rankings,[17] the various cricket formats have
continued to be a major competitive sport in most former British Empire
countries, notably the Indian subcontinent, and new participants including the
Netherlands. As of August 2013, the top rankings were held by South Africa
(Tests), India (one-day internationals), and Sri Lanka (Twenty20 champion).
The ICC
expanded its development programme, aiming to produce more national teams
capable of competing at the various formats. Development efforts are focused on
African and Asian nations, and on the United States.
In 2004, the ICC Intercontinental
Cup brought first-class cricket to 12 nations, mostly for the first
time. Cricket's newest innovation is Twenty20, essentially an evening entertainment.
It has so far enjoyed enormous popularity and has attracted large attendances
at matches as well as good TV audience ratings. The inaugural ICC Twenty20
World Cup tournament was held in 2007. The formation of Twenty20
leagues in India – the unofficial Indian Cricket League,
which started in 2007, and the official Indian Premier League,
starting in 2008 – raised much speculation in the cricketing press about their
effect on the future of cricket
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